{"id":1872,"date":"2019-01-23T16:54:25","date_gmt":"2019-01-23T16:54:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/?p=1872"},"modified":"2019-01-23T17:53:37","modified_gmt":"2019-01-23T17:53:37","slug":"grade-britain2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/grade-britain2\/","title":{"rendered":"Grade in Britain revisited"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This blog post follows on from our first <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/grade-in-britain\/\">Grade in Britain<\/a> blog post, back in April 2016.\u00a0 Much of that is still relevant, but we can now give a bit more detail on how some of the main species grade.\u00a0 This is still research in progress, so keep an eye on this blog for more.<\/p>\n<p>Work at Edinburgh Napier University has been ongoing for about 15 years, assessing the key properties of home-grown timber and, where there is sufficient quantity of data, establishing grading settings. The most recent work covered larch and Douglas-fir, with thanks to NUI Galway and the DAFM funded \u201cWoodProps\u201d project for new data to support the latter. We have also done a lot of work covering spruce &#8211; and as the main commercial species it makes sense to use this as the benchmark for the others&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sitka spruce<\/strong> (<em>Picea sitchensis<\/em>) (EN13556 marking code PCST).\u00a0 Characteristic density of ungraded UK-grown Sitka spruce ranges from about 310 to 350 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Characteristic strength ranges from about 13 to 18 N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, and mean stiffness ranges from about 7 to 9 kN\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>. It is therefore the stiffness that tends to limit the structural grading, but when grading to C16 alone the machine reject is minimal anyway. \u00a0For this C16 graded timber, strength is higher than the C16 requirement (more than C18 requires) and density is actually the least critical property (sufficient for C20), but still low enough to make Sitka\u2019s high strength to weight ratio another one of its practical advantages. \u00a0You cannot, however, make use of that extra strength and density in design unless you are using our bespoke timber grade for UK spruce, \u201cC16+\u201d.\u00a0 With the right grading machine, yields of about 25% C24 with 75% C16 and minimal machine reject are achievable, and while likely not economic on an industrial scale for primary processing, this may be viable for one-off projects. \u00a0Grades of up to C27 and TR26 can be achieved in small amounts, and while unlikely to be practical, it does illustrate the range of timber properties within a species from even a relatively small growth area like the UK. \u00a0Visual grading to BS 4978 assigns to C14 and C18.\u00a0 The coefficient of determination (R-squared) between strength and density in UK-grown Sitka is only about 0.2, due partly to this species growing relatively dense, but less strong, wood in the early years of growth.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Norway spruce<\/strong> (<em>Picea abies<\/em>) (PCAB) is grown and processed together with Sitka in the UK and constitutes about 10% of the species combination we call \u201cBritish spruce\u201d (WPCS).\u00a0 The sawn timber is practically undistinguishable and the wood properties are essentially identical, although we do suspect <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forestry.gov.uk\/pdf\/FCRN026.pdf\/$FILE\/FCRN026.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the stiffness is probably a little higher<\/a>.\u00a0 The grading is therefore the same as Sitka above.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Larch<\/strong> in the UK (WLAD) is a mixture of European larch (<em>Larix decidua<\/em>) (LADC), Japanese larch (<em>Larix kaempferi<\/em>) (LAKM) and hybrid larch (aka Dunkeld larch) (<em>Larix x eurolepis<\/em>) (LAER).\u00a0 The wood properties of these species may be regarded to be the same for home grown timber. \u00a0The characteristic density of ungraded UK-grown larch ranges from about 400 to 420 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Characteristic strength ranges from about 19 to 22 N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, and mean stiffness ranges from about 9 to 11 kN\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>. It is therefore, again, the stiffness that tends to limit the strength grading, but larch can achieve C20 or C22 as a single grade with minimal machine reject. \u00a0With the right grading machine, yields of about 30% C27 with 70% C16 and minimal machine reject are achievable.\u00a0 Grades of up to C35 can be achieved in small amounts.\u00a0 Density is, again, the least critical property and even ungraded it is higher than the C40 requirement.\u00a0 Visual grading to BS 4978 assigns to C16 and C24.\u00a0 The R-squared between strength and density is similar to Sitka, only about 0.2.<\/p>\n<p>Home grown <strong>Douglas-fir<\/strong> (<em>Pseudotsuga menziesii<\/em>) (PSMN) is, overall, quite similar in properties to UK larch, but is much more variable from stand to stand and this variability requires the grading to be more conservative.\u00a0 This variability also causes the characteristic properties of the ungraded timber to be very low, although they are quickly improved by grading. \u00a0The characteristic density of ungraded UK-grown Douglas ranges from about 360 to 450 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0 Characteristic strength ranges from about 10 to 25 N\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>, and mean stiffness ranges from about 8 to 13 kN\/mm<sup>2<\/sup>. \u00a0For Douglas it is the strength that tends to limit the grading and, ungraded, it does not meet the requirements even for C16.\u00a0 However, because the characteristic strength can be quickly increased through grading, the machine yield of C18 as a single grade is about 95%.\u00a0 With the right grading machine, yields of about 65% C24 with about 25% C16 and about 10% machine reject are possible.\u00a0 Grades of up to C40 can be achieved in small amounts.\u00a0 Once again, density is the least critical property, and while lower than Douglas-fir grown in Europe it is, when ungraded, at worst, higher than the C27 requirement.\u00a0 Visual grading to BS 4978 assigns to C14 and C18, or C24 for large dimensions.\u00a0 The variability in the population means the R-squared between strength and density is quite high, at about 0.5, but can be non-existent within a batch of timber.<\/p>\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-5\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-5\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Species group<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Species<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">5th percentile strength (N\/mm^2)<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">mean stiffness (kN\/mm^2)<\/th><th class=\"column-5\">5th percentile density (kg\/m^3)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">British spruce<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Sitka spruce &amp; Norway spruce <\/td><td class=\"column-3\">13 to 18<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">7 to 9<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">310 to 350<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Larch<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">European, Japanese and hybrid larch<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">19 to 22<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">9 to 11<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">400 to 420<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Douglas-fir<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Douglas-fir<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">10 to 25<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">8 to 13<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">360 to 450<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-5 from cache -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>This blog post follows on from our first Grade in Britain blog post, back in April 2016.\u00a0 Much of that is still relevant, but we <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/grade-britain2\/\" title=\"Grade in Britain revisited\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":510,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[68,24,19,39,29,81,20,67],"class_list":["post-1872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-en338","tag-larch","tag-machine-grading","tag-norway-spruce","tag-sitka-spruce","tag-softwoods","tag-strength-grading","tag-visual-grading"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Grade in Britain revisited - Centre for Wood Science &amp; 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