{"id":4012,"date":"2024-10-19T12:08:50","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T12:08:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/?page_id=4012"},"modified":"2025-06-25T15:43:28","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T15:43:28","slug":"4-stop","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/4-stop\/","title":{"rendered":"4. Stop: Castle terrace"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Welcome to &#8220;Walking Woods Edinburgh&#8221;, a self-guided audio tour around the centre of Edinburgh that takes a closer look at the history of the city through the eyes of a wood scientist.<\/em> <em>The tour was developed<\/em> <em>as part of the 20th annual meeting of the Northern European Network for Wood Science and Engineering (WSE), but it is meant to be interesting for wood scientists and laypeople alike.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/walking-woods\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Go to the route map and list of stops<\/a> [Next &gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/5-stop\/\">Old Parliament<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-spreaker wp-block-embed-spreaker\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" title=\"Stop 4: Castle terrace - Walking Woods Edinburgh\" src=\"https:\/\/widget.spreaker.com\/player?episode_id=62333169&#038;theme=light&#038;playlist=false&#038;cover_image_url=https%3A%2F%2Fd3wo5wojvuv7l.cloudfront.net%2Fimages.spreaker.com%2Foriginal%2F4fecee51c26cabfb7de3f01e75bdcc44.jpg#?secret=J2jJoa3kVD\" data-secret=\"J2jJoa3kVD\" width=\"500\" height=\"750\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2024\/10\/Castle-Terrace-transcript-to-publish.docx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download transcript of the episode.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I hope you are getting a good view today, but all too often you won&#8217;t be able to spot Newhaven or Fife due to our lovely Edinburgh weather, so here is what you&#8217;d see on a sunny day (photo credit: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:View_from_Edinburgh_Castle_to_the_north.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Yair Haklai<\/a>, Wikimedia Commons):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1650\" height=\"781\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2024\/10\/castle-view.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4049\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/threadinburgh.scot\/2022\/08\/30\/the-thread-about-the-largest-warship-in-16th-century-europe-and-how-the-scottish-nation-could-ill-afford-it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">There is much more to the story of the Michael<\/a>, but Susan and I wanted to stay on the topic of wood, of course. (The article does mention that the Michael&#8217;s captain was called Andrew Wood, but that&#8217;s not what I meant&#8230;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Michael was apparently built with homegrown timber, and did apparently use most of the oak from Fife, but for a healthy timber supply chain, even a large order like this should not have meant the complete depletion of timber resources for the next decades, let alone centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem was likely much more in the fact that the timber supply chain at the time was far from healthy. Sustainable timber production takes much planning and investment, especially for trees like oaks that might take more than a hundred years to mature. But making such a commitment was apparently too risky for most during much of Britain&#8217;s recent history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Anne said, already in the 1500s cheap timber from Norway was imported to the UK, making the homegrown timber industry less profitable. The evidence of forests falling into neglect is already present in John Evelyn&#8217;s &#8220;Sylva&#8221; from 1664:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For, the <em>Reason<\/em> that so many complain of the improsperous Condition of their <em>Wood-Lands<\/em> and <em>Plantations<\/em> of this Kind, proceeds from this <em>Neglect<\/em>; though (<em>Sheep<\/em> excepted) there is no Employment whatsoever incident to the <em>Farmer<\/em>, which requires less <em>Expence<\/em> to gratific their Expectations: One diligent and skilful <em>Man<\/em> will govern <em>five hundred <\/em>Acres: But if through any Accident a <em>Beast<\/em> shall break into his <em>Master<\/em>&#8216;s Field; or the wicked <em>Hunter<\/em> make a Gap for his <em>Dogs<\/em> and <em>Horses<\/em>, what a Clamour is there made for the Disturbance of a Year&#8217;s <em>Crop<\/em> at most in a little <em>Corn<\/em>! Whilst abandoning his young <em>Woods<\/em> all this Time, and perhaps many Years, to the venomous Bitings and Treading of <em>Cattle<\/em>, and other like Injuries (for want of due Care) the Detriment is many Times<em> irreparable<\/em>; young <em>Trees<\/em> once cropp&#8217;d, hardly ever <em>recovering<\/em>: It is the <em>Bane<\/em> of all our most hopeful <em>Timber<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although Evelyn <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/treeswoodlandinb0000rack_p2e7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">seems to have misunderstood much about the nature of the woodland and timber industry in the country and inadvertently planted some myths that still persist today<\/a>, his writings might have <a href=\"https:\/\/islesproject.wordpress.com\/2008\/08\/05\/12000bce-present-a-brief-history-of-british-woodlands\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">prompted the first deliberate plantations for timber production.<\/a> But this new approach to the timber industry still had a long way to go before local timber production could really make a dent in the ever-growing consumption. It takes more than just planting trees, after all. &#8220;A brief history of British Woodlands&#8221; describes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[&#8230;] often the markets for which these species were chosen had disappeared by the time the trees matured, or with the passing of time, their purpose was forgotten.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There might have been pockets in the different countries of Britain that kept offering good availability of certain in-demand species over the time.  Thomas Laslett, a timber inspector at Woolwich Dockyard, describes in his <a href=\"https:\/\/reader.library.cornell.edu\/docviewer\/digital?id=chla2848881#page\/65\/mode\/1up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1875 publication that oak in good quality is abundantly available from the forest of Dean. But he also feels:<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was only within the last few years, that it was felt the quantity of Oak produced in England would soon be inadequate to meet the great and increasing demand for it, and that it was necessary efforts should be made to supplement it by the introduction of foreign Oaks and other hard woods for ship-building<br>purposes.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He shows the increasing quantities of timber imported into the dockyard between 1840 and 1865:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"170\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2024\/10\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4019\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And not only oak, but may other species were imported into the country &#8211; tropical hardwoods, but very importantly also softwoods for construction, ship decking and other purposes. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/03585522.1989.10408132\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00c5str\u00f6m illustrates the explosion of imports of &#8220;deals&#8221; and &#8220;fir timber&#8221; from the Baltics to Britain between 1780 and 1825<\/a> (both these terms likely refer to pine wood). In 1875 Laslett describes &#8220;Dantzic fir&#8221; (which we now call Scots pine) being shipped from Prussia, Prussian Poland and the borders of Russia to Britain in such large quantities that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dantzic Fir is employed more extensively in civil architecture than, perhaps, any other description of wood for joists, rafters, trusses, floors, scaffolding, &amp;c.; it also enters largely into the construction of bridges and railway works; indeed, it is not too much to say that few works in this country are ever carried on without its capabilities being in some way turned to account.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And so, with the heavy reliance on imports, the situation for British timber production in the early 20th century is dire. As described by Anderson in 1904 [1]:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the competition of foreign converted timber, which is delivered sawn into useful scantlings, and at low prices, has almost entirely put an end to the use of home- grown timber for building, the value of the latter for other purposes, when of good quality, has been, owing to its increasing scarcity, well maintained. It is also common knowledge that there is not a growing crop of timber in this country sufficient to replace what is being felled, whilst at the same time the future timber supply of the world is causing grave consideration amongst economists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only after the first world war, with the founding of the Forestry Commission in 1919, the home-grown timber production starts increasing consistently, thanks to strategic planting and restocking. Timber production figures are published from 1942 onwards, with some breaks after the second world war. In the graph below the increase of timber production is shown. The orange line is from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forestresearch.gov.uk\/?s&amp;type=publication&amp;archive-publication%5B0%5D=annual-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">historic annual reports of the Forestry Commission<\/a>, where production is reported either in hoppus feet or cubic feet (the former was multiplied by 1.273 to make them comparable). The green line shows the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forestresearch.gov.uk\/tools-and-resources\/statistics\/time-series\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">data published by Forest Research from 1976 onwards<\/a> for production in thousand green tonnes. The two units are not identical, but since it is not known which volume exactly was reported on in the early reports (over bark? under bark? processed in any way?) no attempt was made to adjust them. It can be seen that the UK timber production roughly doubled between 1942 and 1976, but as the effects of the war started to wear off and the plantation efforts fully came to fruition it started to increase exponentially.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2024\/10\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4020\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Detailed import figures only become available much later, but throughout all this time, except perhaps the war years, imports outweighed home production. <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk\/1991\/03\/fcop029.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">In 1986, at the last point in the below graph, 84% of the sawn softwood and 68% of the sawn hardwood consumed in the UK were imported.<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk\/1991\/03\/fcop029.pdf\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"655\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/23\/2024\/10\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4022\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the rising production of homegrown timber, the figures remain similar today: <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk\/2024\/09\/Ch3_Trade_FS2024.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Between 2014 and 2023 an average of 88% of the sawn softwood consumed in the UK was imported.<\/a> Although the UK is likely never going to be self-sufficient in their timber production, there is growing emphasis on using local resources more, not lastly because the<a href=\"https:\/\/timberdevelopment.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Net-Zero-Roadmap-Summary.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> largest part of emissions from the timber industry results from transport.<\/a> We are also recognising that we are not making the most efficient use of many of our resources, and my colleagues and I are steadily working to get a larger share of homegrown softwoods, hardwoods and recovered timber into construction uses, where they will have a long life (and hopefully be reused after this life comes to an end).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/5-stop\/\">Next stop: Old parliament<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Anderson, 1904, The Conversion of home-grown timber, to be found in the National library of Scotland<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Welcome to &#8220;Walking Woods Edinburgh&#8221;, a self-guided audio tour around the centre of Edinburgh that takes a closer look at the history of the city <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/4-stop\/\" title=\"4. Stop: Castle terrace\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4012","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>4. Stop: Castle terrace - Centre for Wood Science &amp; Technology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/cwst\/4-stop\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"4. 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