{"id":283,"date":"2021-10-27T10:33:48","date_gmt":"2021-10-27T10:33:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/social-informatics\/?p=283"},"modified":"2021-10-31T17:59:23","modified_gmt":"2021-10-31T17:59:23","slug":"doing-magic-with-metadata-part-1-purposes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/social-informatics\/2021\/10\/doing-magic-with-metadata-part-1-purposes\/","title":{"rendered":"Doing Magic with Metadata \u2013 Part 1: Purposes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Based on a talk to the Singapore chapter of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO). A recording of the talk is available at: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iskosg.org\/magic_with_metadata_haynes.html\">http:\/\/www.iskosg.org\/magic_with_metadata_haynes.html<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Origins of metadata<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metadata has been around a long time \u2013 from the first lists of clay tablets in Mesopotamia to the first formal catalogue of scrolls in the great library of Alexandria more than 2,000 years ago (Gartner, 2016). The first use of the term \u2018meta-data\u2019 was in a PhD thesis in the 1970s \u2018An infological approach to data bases\u2019 (Sundgren, 1973).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pervasiveness of metadata<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We come across metadata in many aspects of our personal and professional life. For instance, it is <strong>embedded<\/strong> in the transactions in online shopping. It also leaves an <strong>audit trail<\/strong> whenever we make a phone call. This was dramatically demonstrated by the Snowden revelations (Greenwald, 2013). Most commonly it is used for <strong>tracking<\/strong> our online behaviour by use of cookies. Thus it is the basis for analysis of <strong>big data<\/strong> used for research and prediction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Purposes of metadata<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Viewing metadata by its purposes, can give us a better perspective on how best to manage and utilize it. I illustrate this in my book (Haynes, 2018), where I identify six purposes of metadata:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Describing<\/strong> <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What resources are we handing?&nbsp; Are they records, documents, archival materials, digital materials?&nbsp; What role do they have in the organization (e.g. proof of ownership, operational data, procedural information, customer information, commercial transactions).&nbsp; The information resource may itself have a monetary value. A description forms part of the record of its existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Retrieving<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Who is going to use the resource described?&nbsp; Who is allowed access? What changes can they make? What criteria will they use to search for the item? Is there a standard way of describing the item?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Managing<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How long should a document be kept for? What security needs to be in place? Can you detect any amendments made? Who has read the document?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Owning<\/strong> <\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Does copyright apply to the document? What other rights are important (e.g. Freedom of Information)?&nbsp; Are there privacy (data protection) regulations? If the digital item has a value, how do you track usage?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Transacting<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">eGovernment and eCommerce activities depend on metadata standards to allow interoperation between systems.&nbsp; This means that the information itself has to include structured metadata to allow different systems to process it appropriately.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Regulating<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Information governance is high on the information management agenda at the moment.&nbsp; Compliance with Freedom of Information and Data Protection laws is a starting point.&nbsp; Industry standards for quality and security also apply as part of risk management.&nbsp; The metadata itself may be used to control access \u2013 important for privacy and security.&nbsp; Audit trails of metadata also allow investigators to see who has accessed or changed data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Information and Knowledge Organization<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Edinburgh Napier University is introducing a module on Information and Knowledge Organization in January 2022, which will be available to MSc students in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.napier.ac.uk\/courses\/msc-business-information-technology-postgraduate-fulltime\">Business Information Technology programme<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In my next blog I look at some of the challenges of managing metadata and identify potential solutions.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References and further information<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gartner, R. (2016) <em>Metadata: shaping knowledge from antiquity to the semantic web<\/em>. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007\/9783319408934.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Greenwald, G. (2013) \u2018NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily\u2019, <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 6 June. Available at: http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jun\/06\/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order (accessed 2014-07-07).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Haynes, D. (2018) <em>Metadata for Information Management and Retrieval: understanding metadata and its use<\/em>. 2nd edn. London: Facet Publishing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">International Society for Knowledge Organization. ISKO website. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.isko.org\">www.isko.org<\/a> (accessed 2021-10-22)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sundgren, B. (1973) <em>An infological approach to data bases<\/em>. University of Stockholm.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Based on a talk to the Singapore chapter of the International Society for Knowledge Organization (ISKO). A recording of the talk is available at: http:\/\/www.iskosg.org\/magic_with_metadata_haynes.html <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/social-informatics\/2021\/10\/doing-magic-with-metadata-part-1-purposes\/\" title=\"Doing Magic with Metadata \u2013 Part 1: Purposes\">[more &#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":300,"featured_media":284,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,1],"tags":[48,56,54,52,51,50,55,53,47,49],"class_list":["post-283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-events","category-general","tag-audit-trail","tag-business-information-technology","tag-edinburgh-napier-university","tag-information-governance","tag-information-management","tag-information-retrieval","tag-isko","tag-knowledge-organization","tag-metadata","tag-tracking-cookies"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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