{"id":1239,"date":"2024-06-19T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-19T09:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/social-informatics\/?p=1239"},"modified":"2024-06-16T16:07:53","modified_gmt":"2024-06-16T16:07:53","slug":"open-access-publishing-a-presentation-and-discussion-with-bradley-m-hemminger-university-of-north-carolina-at-chapel-hill","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.napier.ac.uk\/social-informatics\/2024\/06\/open-access-publishing-a-presentation-and-discussion-with-bradley-m-hemminger-university-of-north-carolina-at-chapel-hill\/","title":{"rendered":"Open access publishing: a presentation and discussion with Bradley M Hemminger (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

This presentation\/discussion, on 14 June, focussed on the work by Brad and colleagues to improve Open Access (OA) routes to publishing academic work. Brad is, among other things, an\u00a0Associate Professor at the UNC School of Information and Library Science<\/a>\u00a0(SILS). His current research interests are focused on developing new paradigms for scholarship, publishing, information seeking and use by academics in this digital age.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Before joining SILS, Brad encountered a publishing problem: he could not freely share a paper he had written with his students, because the journal had copyright of that paper. This got him interested in the \u2018serials crisis<\/a>\u2019. It also led to Brad\u2019s interest in proactivity and publication of e-theses and e-dissertations such that institutions retained copyright.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Scholarly communication relies in part on the ability of research libraries to purchase published works. The marketplace for scholarly publishing has developed in ways that challenge libraries\u2019 ability to acquire the works needed by their users. Commercialization of publishing in both the for-profit and nonprofit sectors has led to egregious price increases and unacceptable terms and conditions of use for some key research resources needed by the scholarly community. (Tufts University, n.d.)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Brad stated that the cost of subscriptions to journals is increasing rapidly but library budgets are falling. Journals make 36% to 39% profit. (This matches Bruce\u2019s recollections of UK educational publishing, where 40% profit per title was expected.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Side-bar: An attendee stated that Napier has a rather basic OA policy: it requires Napier people to deposit manuscripts within 3 months of acceptance, to comply with REF requirements. Napier\u2019s policy does not mention gold OA. (See slide 4<\/a> for the different types of OA.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

These cost issues are related to publishers bundling journal subscriptions, i.e. for an institution to subscribe to a journal it wants, it may well need to subscribe to other journals it does not want. This has led to a movement for \u2018breaking bad deals\u2019. Another contributing factor is coalescence of academic publishing to around 5 big companies, leading to monopolies and enforced bundling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Open Access is a reaction to these issues, but publishing still costs (servers, staff etc), leading to publishers\/journals charging \u2018article processing charges\u2019. In effect, institutions are still paying large amounts to access journals \u2013 see below. The Gold form of OA tried to deal with such issues by making access free \u2013 but with embargos of a few months. However, funders are pushing for everything to be [immediately] open.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Further, APCs for journals such as Nature<\/em> may be \u00a38000 per article, according to Brad. He maintains that APCs also lead to inequities. That is, an established researcher with large budgets or personal resources may be able to afford APCs, while researchers who have yet to establish themselves (e.g. by publishing in prestigious journals) cannot afford to do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another associated issue is that many journals rely on free labour for copy-editing, proofreading etc. Brad stated that this works for \u2018small\u2019 journals but doesn\u2019t work for high-quality journals. Instead, these may well outsource their work to countries where labour costs less.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asked about the impact of APCs and lack of funding on journal papers, Brad stated that this is hard to measure. However, as above, it could affect researchers\u2019 reputations and careers if they cannot get into prestige journals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Side-bar: libraries may not know the total costs of APCs, because they may be paid from individual grants or schools, rather than by the library. However, databases such as Scopus<\/a> and OpenAlex<\/a> enable. Using OpenAlex and other tools such as unsub<\/a>, Brad calculates that Napier may be paying \u00a3333,000 per year, and that UNC may be paying between $2\u00b76 million and $7\u00b77 million. These costs are a further impetus to \u2018break bad deals\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Brad\u2019s answer to these issues it to enable institutions to create their own journals. (See slides 20 to 22.) For the cost of one bundle, an institution could run 5 such journals \u2013 and (maybe) pay copy-editors etc. (Brad intends to undertake a survey about levels of free labour in academic publishing.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are questions of sustainability, i.e. what will happen if a key person moves on? To combat this, Brad suggests creation of \u2018capacity centres\u2019 \u2013 again using the funds saved from subscriptions and APCs. Part of the technical answer is to use XML publishing, or use tools such as Overleaf<\/a>. Complete publishing tools such as Janeway<\/a> or Open Journal Systems<\/a> will also be part of the answer. In the UNC journals, Brad is making sure that all outputs are scrapable by Google and its ilk, because people may well use these rather than Library searches (e.g. Davies & Larkin, 2024). To ensure the new journals aren\u2019t seen as \u2018predatory\u2019 or low-quality, Brad recommends collaborations such as the ARC Alliance<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is a story of how Brad has been able to do this (slide 15<\/a>), and go for Diamond OA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A further question was about referencing items in arXiv<\/a> and other pre-print archives: how can readers be sure that articles aren\u2019t referencing untrue or unsubstantiated material. Brad\u2019s system will use tools based on DOIs to make sure that the final versions of \u2018his\u2019 papers do reference validated materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overall, Bruce\u2019s impression is that while the \u2018war\u2019 against overcharging, lack of open access to knowledge (and slave labour) may not have been won yet, this seems to be preparation for a winnable fight.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

People with Napier email addresses can access Brad\u2019s slides<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Davies, R., & Larkin, J. (2024). \u201cNever have I ever used Google Scholar\u201d: hypocrisy and authenticity in library and academic skills teaching – Rachel Davies | PPT. Slides from LILAC 2024<\/em>. https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/slideshow\/never-have-i-ever-used-google-scholar-hypocrisy-and-authenticity-in-library-and-academic-skills-teaching-rachel-davies\/266750751<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tufts University. (n.d.). Tufts Policies \u2013 Copyright, Open Access & Publishing Support<\/em>. Retrieved June 14, 2024, from https:\/\/sites.tufts.edu\/scholarlycommunication\/tufts-policies<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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